====requests爬虫====
1. 介绍\\
什么是Requests
Requests是用python语言基于urllib编写的,采用的是Apache2 Licensed开源协议的HTTP库。与urllib相比,Requests更加方便,可以节约我们大量的工作,建议爬虫使用Requests库。
2. 安装\\
利用 pip 安装
pip install requests\\
3. 基本请求\\
req = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")\\
req = requests.post("http://www.baidu.com")\\
req = requests.put("http://www.baidu.com")\\
req = requests.delete("http://www.baidu.com")\\
req = requests.head("http://www.baidu.com")\\
req = requests.options("http://www.baidu.com")\\
3.1 get请求\\
参数是字典,我们也可以传递json类型的参数:
import requests
url = "http://www.baidu.com/s"
params = {'wd': '尚学堂'}
response = requests.get(url, params=params)
print(response.url)
response.encoding = 'utf-8'
html = response.text
# print(html)
3.2 post请求\\
参数是字典,我们也可以传递json类型的参数:
url = "http://www.sxt.cn/index/login/login.html"
formdata = {
"user": "17703181473",
"password": "123456"
}
response = requests.post(url, data=formdata)
response.encoding = 'utf-8'
html = response.text
# print(html)
3.3 自定义请求头部\\
伪装请求头部是采集时经常用的,我们可以用这个方法来隐藏:\\
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python'}
r = requests.get('http://www.zhidaow.com', headers = headers)
print(r.request.headers['User-Agent'])
3.4 设置超时时间\\
可以通过timeout属性设置超时时间,一旦超过这个时间还没获得响应内容,就会提示错误
requests.get('http://github.com', timeout=0.001)\\
3.5 代理访问\\
采集时为避免被封IP,经常会使用代理。requests也有相应的proxies属性\\
import requests
proxies = {
"http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128",
"https": "https://10.10.1.10:1080",
}
requests.get("http://www.zhidaow.com", proxies=proxies)
如果代理需要账户和密码,则需这样
proxies = {
"http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/",
}
3.6 session自动保存cookies\\
seesion的意思是保持一个会话,比如 登陆后继续操作(记录身份信息) 而requests是单次请求的请求,身份信息不会被记录
# 创建一个session对象
s = requests.Session()
# 用session对象发出get请求,设置cookies
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
3.7 ssl验证\\
# 禁用安全请求警告\\
requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings()
resp = requests.get(url, verify=False, headers=headers)\\
4 获取响应信息\\
代码 含义
resp.json() 获取响应内容(以json字符串)\\
resp.text 获取响应内容 (以字符串)\\
resp.content 获取响应内容(以字节的方式)\\
resp.headers 获取响应头内容\\
resp.url 获取访问地址\\
resp.encoding 获取网页编码\\
resp.request.headers 请求头内容\\
resp.cookie 获取cookie\\
/TJPROJ6/RNA_SH/personal_dir/fengjie/Work_Orders/summary.py
/TJPROJ6/RNA_SH/personal_dir/fengjie/fengjie/script/get_project_info
/TJPROJ6/RNA_SH/personal_dir/fengjie/fengjie/script/daka/P12_daka.py
import requests
session = requests.session() #key1
headers = {
"User-Agent" : "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/83.0.4103.61 Safari/537.36"
}
login_url = "http://192.168.5.60:8080/iclock/accounts/login/"
form_data = {
"username":username,
"password":password,
"logintype":"employee"
}
session.post(login_url,headers=headers,data=form_data) #key2
params = {
"starttime": starttime,
"endtime": endtime
}
info_url = "http://192.168.5.60:8080/iclock/staff/transactions/?"+urlencode(params)
resp = session.post(info_url,headers=headers) #key3
global html
try:
if resp.status_code == 200:
html=resp.json()
return html
except requests.ConnectionError as e:
print('Error',e.args)
参考链接1: [[https://www.jianshu.com/p/fb6ee6cc5c1c]]